Ad abolendam
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Ad abolendam (lit. 'On abolition / Towards abolishing'; full title in Latin: Ad abolendam diversam haeresium pravitatem, lit. 'To abolish diverse malignant heresies') was a decretal and bull of Pope Lucius III, written at Verona and issued 4 November 1184. [1][2] It was issued after the Council of Verona settled some jurisdictional differences between the Papacy and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. The document prescribes measures to uproot heresy and sparked the efforts which culminated in the Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisitions. Its chief aim was the complete abolition of Christian heresy.
Historical origins
[edit]The historical context for the issuing of Ad abolendam was papal reassertion of its authority in Europe following the Investiture Dispute with the Emperor, and its discovery of what has been called a 'legislative' means of doing so.[3] The Third Lateran Council of 1179 had already resolved to prevent schisms of the kind that the Investiture Dispute had created, and decretals such as Ad abolendam were intended to enforce this;[4] Fisher has suggested that it was no coincidence that the decree followed the Peace of Constance of the previous year, at which the Emperor was in effect compelled to acknowledge defeat.[5]
Heretics
[edit]The list of proscribed heretical sects was originally decreed at the Third Lateran Council (March 1179), and was retained and expanded at Verona in 1184. Pope Lucius condemned all heretical sects and persons who preached without the authorisation of the Roman Church, whether publicly or privately, and placed them under excommunication. Among the particular sects mentioned in Ad abolendam were the Cathars, Humiliati, Waldensians, Arnoldists, and Josephines. More important than the direct attack on heresy, however, was the stipulation of equal measures for those who supported heretics, overtly or indirectly, and modern historians have noted that, these groups being primarily based around Lombardy and the Languedoc, Papal motivation in condemning them was probably as politically motivated as it was theological.[6] All associated with heresy would be placed under excommunication, too; but the heretics themselves were an ill-defined grouping, some of which hardly existed by 1184, and some of whom had never been previously established as heretics. All except the Cathars and the anti-authority Milanese group of the 1130s, the Arnoldists, have been ascertained as heretics. Of the others, the Patarenes were originally reformers (albeit against the so-called Papal Monarchy);[7] the Humiliati, ‘their only error was apparently failing to observe the prescription of lay preaching rather than the teaching of false doctrines;’[8] The Poor of Lyon- the Waldensians- have been compared to the Cistercians as merely searching for the vita apostolica;[9] of the Passagines, nothing is known,[10] and the Josephines are not even associated with any doctrine at all.[11]
Penalty
[edit]Those accused of heresy, if they could not prove their innocence or forswear their errors, or if they backslid into error subsequently, were to be handed over to the lay authorities to receive their animadversio debita ("due penalty"). All those who supported heresy were deprived of many rights: the right to hold public office, the right to trial, the right to draft a will, and the hereditability of their fiefs and offices.[1]
For the enforcement of the measures demanded by the decretal, Lucius obligated all patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops to re-announce the excommunication on certain feasts and holidays. Those who did not observe this for three years consecutively would be deprived of their ecclesiastical offices. The bishops were furthermore obligated to "seek out" heretics. They were to make bi- or triannual rounds[clarification needed] of their dioceses, visiting locations of suspicion and questioning the people about the existence of heresy. The people would be required to swear under oath (compurgation) anything they knew about heretical activity. All oath-breakers were to be treated as heretics.[1]
Canon 3
[edit]The bull was incorporated as Canon 3 of the Fourth Council of the Lateran of 1215 under Pope Innocent III. Contrary to what is often said, Lucius did not institute the Inquisition, which was not created until the reign of Pope Gregory IX in 1234.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Peters (1980), p. 170-173.
- ^ Thomsett, Michael C. (26 April 2010). The Inquisition: A History. McFarland. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-0-7864-4409-0. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
- ^ Duggan, A.J., 'Conciliar Law 1123-1215: The Legislation of the Four Lateran Councils’ in Hartmann, W. & Pennington, K. [eds.], The History of Medieval Canon Law in the Classical Period, 1140-1234 : From Gratian to the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, Washington 2008, p.212
- ^ Moore, R.I. The War On Heresy, Bungay 2012, p.205 (citing Peters, Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe, pp.168-70)
- ^ Fisher, H.A.L., A History of Europe, London 1936, p.239
- ^ Moore, R.I., The Formation of a Persecuting Society, Oxford 2007 (2nd ed.) p.20
- ^ Lambert, M., Medieval Heresy, Oxford 2002, p.45
- ^ Bolton, B., ‘The Poverty of the Humiliati’, Innocent III: Studies on Papal Authority and Pastoral Care, Aldershot 1995, p.59
- ^ Chenu, M-D., Nature, Man and Society in the Twelfth Century, Chicago 1968, p.235
- ^ Wakefield, W.L. & Evans, A.P., Heresies of the High Middle Ages, New York 1969, p.30
- ^ Wakefield, W.L. & Evans, A.P., Heresies of the High Middle Ages, New York 1969, p.31
Bibliography
[edit]- Peters, Edward (1980). Heresy and authority in medieval Europe:Documents in translation. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1103-0.